ازغدی، س.ب.، ودادهیر، ع. و رشید، ب.ح. (۱۳۹۳). پیامدهای روانشناختی ناباروری در زنان نابارور»، پیشرفت در پرستاری و مامایی، س۲۳، ش۸۳، ص۱-۱۰.
بهبودیمقدم، ز.، ساسالی، م.، افتخاراردبیلی، ح.، ویسمرادی، م. و رمضانیزاده، ف. (۱۳۹۲). تجربه ناباروری از دیدگاه زنان نابارور ایرانی: یک مطالعه کیفی، مجله علوم پرستاری ژاپن، س۱۰، ش۱، ۴۱-۴۶.
حسنپور ازغدی، س.ب.، سیمبر، م. و ودادهیر، ع. (۱۳۹۳). پیامدهای عاطفیـ روانی ناباروری در زنان نابارور متقاضی درمان: نتایج یک مطالعه کیفی، مجله بینالمللی پزشکی تولیدمثل، س۱۲، ش۲، ۱۳۱-۱۳۸.
دژکام، ل.، درویشی تفویضی، م. و کلانی، ن. (۱۴۰۲). ابعاد مختلف پدیده ناباروری در زندگی زنان ایرانی: یک مطالعه مرور نظاممند، زن در توسعه و سیاست، س۲۶، ش۳، ۹۰-۱۰۸.
رنجبر، ف.، بهبودیمقدم، ز.، بریمنژاد، ل.، غفاری، س.ر. و آخوندی، م.م. (۱۳۹۴). تجارب زنان نابارور متقاضی بارداری کمکی در ایران: یک مطالعه کیفی، مجله تولیدمثل و ناباروری، س۱۶، ش۴، ۲۲۱-۲۲۸.
عباسیشوازی، م.ج.، عسگریخنگاه، ع. و رازقینصرآباد، ح. (۱۳۸۴). تجربه ناباروری و زیست زنان نابارور: مطالعهای موردی در تهران، مطالعات زنان، س۳، ش۳، ۹۱-۱۱۴.
فهامی، ف.، حسینی قوچانی، س.، احسانپور، س. و زارغم، ع. (۱۳۸۹)، «تجربه زیسته زنان نابارور از ناباروری با علت زنانه، مجله زنان، مامایی و نازایی ایران، س۱۳، ش۴، ۴۵-۵۳.
کریمی، م.، سمانی، ر.ا. و شیرکاوند، ع. (۱۳۹۴). مطالعه کیفی تجربه زنان نابارور در ایران، پایش، س۱۴، ش۴، ۴۵۳-۴۶۵.
ناری قمی، م.، ممتحن، م. و احسانی، م. (۱۳۹۸). تداوم ساختار خانوادۀ گسترده در خانههای تکخانواری معاصر: نمونۀ موردی مهاجران افغانی در ایران، مجله جامعهشناسی ایران، س14، ش3، 45-68.
یوسفی، ف.، موسوی، ر. و حسینی، ع. (۱۳۹۵). شبکۀ اجتماعی مهاجران افغانستانی در مشهد، مجله پژوهشهای اجتماعی خراسان، س1، ش1، 23-40.
References
Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J., Asgari-Khaneghah, A., & Razaghi-Nasrabad, H. (2005). Experience of infertility and the life of infertile women: A case study in Tehran. Women’s Studies (Women in Development & Politics), 3(3), 91–114. [In Persian] DOI: 10.22059/jwdp.2005.29810.
Abouei, A., Afshani, S., Fallah, M., & Rouhani, A. (2020). Inability to give birth or the birth of inability: A qualitative exploration of the psychological consequences of infertility. Counseling Research, 19(73), 4–28. [In Persian] DOI: 10.29252/jcr.19.73.4.
Afshani, S., Abouei, A., & Rouhani, A. (2022). Lived experiences of infertile women confronting childlessness. Women in Development & Politics, 20(1), 1–21. [In Persian] DOI: 10.52547/jwdp.20.1.1.
Aghakhani, N., Ewalds-Kvist, B., & Sheikhan, F. (2020). Iranian women’s experiences of infertility: A qualitative study. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 18(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v18i1.6203
Akbary, P., et al. (2026). Structural determinants of intimate partner violence in Afghanistan. Scientific Reports, 16, Article 36161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36161-6
Asiimwe, S., Osingada, C. P., Mbalinda, S. N., Muyingo, M., Ayebare, E., Namutebi, M., & Muwanguzi, P. A. (2022). Women’s experiences of living with involuntary childlessness in Uganda: a qualitative phenomenological study. BMC women’s health, 22(1), 532. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02087-0
Azghadi, S. B., Vodadehir, A., & Rashid, B. H. (2014). Psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 23(83), 1–10. [In Persian] Retrieved from https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/anm
Barden-O’Fallon, J. (2005) Associates of self-reported fertility status and infertility treatment seek ing in a rural district of Malawi, Human Reproduction, 20, 8, 2229–36.
Becker, G. (2000) The Elusive Embryo: How Women and Men Approach New Reproductive Technologies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Behboodi-Moghadam, Z., Salsali, M., Eftekhari-Ardabili, H., Vaismoradi, M., & Ramezanzadeh, F. (2013). Experiences of infertility through the lens of Iranian infertile women: A qualitative study. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 10(1), 41–46. [In Persian] DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12005.
Bhatti, L.I., Fikree, F.F. and Khan, A. (1999) The quest of infertile women in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study, Social Science and Medicine, 49, 5, 637–49.
Birenbaum-Carmeli, D. (2004) ‘Cheaper than a newcomer’: on the social production of IVF policy in Israel, Sociology of Health & Illness, 26, 7, 897–924.
Bodenmann, G., & Randall, A. K. (2013). Marriage and family processes in the context of infertility: An integrative biopsychosocial perspective. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(4), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033832
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Polity Press.
Chauhan, B. G., & Jungari, S. (2022). Prevalence and predictors of spousal violence against women in Afghanistan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932020000759.
Clarke, L.H., Martin-Matthews, A. and Matthews, R. (2006) The continuity and discontinuity of the embodied self in infertility, The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology ⁄ La Revue Cana dienne de Sociologie et d’Anthropologie, 43, 1, 95–113.
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford University Press.
Conrad, P. and Schneider, J.W. (1980) The Medicalisation of Deviance: From Badness to Sickness. St Louis, MO: Mosby.
Dadras, O., Dadras, F., Taghizade, Z., Khadivzadeh, T., & Seyedamini, B. (2020). Barriers and associated factors for adequate antenatal care among Afghan women in Iran; findings from a community-based survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03121-5
Dezhkam, L., Darvishi-Tafvizi, M., & Kalani, N. (2023). The multiple dimensions of infertility in the lives of Iranian women: A systematic review. Women in Development & Politics, 26(3), 90–108. [In Persian] Retrieved from https://jwdp.ut.ac.ir/issue
Dierickx S. (2022). ‘With the kanyaleng and the help of god, you don’t feel ashamed’: women experiencing infertility in Casamance, Senegal. Culture, health & sexuality, 24(2), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1833366
Dyer, S.J., Abrahams, N., Hoffman, M. and van der Spuy, Z.M. (2002) Infertility in South Africa: women’s reproductive health knowledge and treatment-seeking behaviour for involuntary childlessness, Human Reproduction, 17, 6, 1657–62.
Dyer, S.J., Abrahams, N., Mokoena, N.E., Lombard, C.J., et al. (2005) Psychological distress among women suffering from infertility in South Africa: a quantitative assessment, Human Reproduc tion, 20, 7, 1938–43.
Earle, S. and Letherby, G. (2007) Conceiving time? Women who do or do not conceive, Sociology of Health & Illness, 29, 2, 233–50.
Fahami, F., Hosseini-Ghoochani, S., Ehsanpour, S., & Zargham, A. (2010). Lived experience of infertile women with female-factor infertility. Journal of Iranian Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 13(4), 45–53. [In Persian] Retrieved from https://jiogi.ir/article-1-787-fa.html
Feldman-Savelsberg, P. (2002) Is infertility an unrecognized public health and population prob lem?: The view from the Cameroon grass fields. In Inhorn, M.C. and van Balen, F. (eds) Infertil ity around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies: A View from the Social Sciences. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall.
Greil, A. L., McQuillan, J., & Slauson-Blevins, K. (2011). The social construction of infertility. Sociology Compass, 5(8), 736–746. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2011.00397.x
Greil, A. L., Slauson-Blevins, K., & McQuillan, J. (2010). The experience of infertility: A review of recent literature. Sociology of Health & Illness, 32(1), 140–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01213.x
Greil, A.L. (1991) Not Yet Pregnant: Infertile Couples in Contemporary America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Gulseren, L., Cetinay, P., Tokatlioglu, B., Sarikaya, O.O., et al. (2006) Depression and anxiety levels in infertile Turkish women, Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 51, 5, 421–6.
Guz, H., Ozkan, A., Sarisov, G., Yanik, F., et al. (2003) Psychiatric symptoms of Turkish infertile women, Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 24, 4, 267–271.
Hanachi, N., Khademian, T., & Adhami, A. (2022). Sociological Investigation of Cultural-Social Influence of Afghanistan Immigrant Families from Iran. QIJES, 8(2), 101-120. https://qijes.com/index.php/ijes/article/view/1154
Harvey, J., Fawcus, S., & McIntyre, J. (2002). Social consequences of infertility in women in developing countries. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 78(2), 141–151.
Hasanpoor Azghdy, S. B. (2014). The emotional psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: qualitative study. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24799871
Hasanpoor Azghdy, S. B., Simbar, M., & Vedadhir, A. (2015). The social consequences of infertility among Iranian women: A qualitative study. (4), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2015.4181
Hassanpour Azghadi, S. B., Simbar, M., & Vodadehir, A. (2014). Emotional–psychological consequences of infertility among treatment-seeking infertile women: Findings from a qualitative study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (formerly Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine), 12(2), 131–138. [In Persian] Retrieved from https://www.jri.ir/article/54071
Heinisch, M. (2019). Not yet a woman: The influence of socio-political constructions of motherhood on experiences of female infertility. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(3), 890–907. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz077
Hollos, M. (2003) Profiles of infertility in southern Nigeria: Women’s voices from Amakiri, African Journal of Reproductive Health ⁄ La Revue Africaine de la Sante´ Reproductive, 7, 2, 46–56.
Inhorn, M.C. (2003) ‘The worms are weak’: male infertility and patriarchal paradoxes in Egypt, Men and Masculinities, 5, 3, 236–56.
Jenkins, G.L. (2002) Childlessness, adoption, and Milagros de Dios in Costa Rica. In Inhorn, M.C. and van Balen, F. (eds) Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Re productive Technologies: A View from the Social Sciences. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Johansson, M. and Berg, M. (2005) Women’s experiences of childlessness 2 years after the end of in vitro fertilization treatment, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 19, 1, 58–63.
Karimi, M., Samani, R. A., & Shirkavand, A. (2015). A qualitative study of the experience of infertile women in Iran. Payesh (Health Monitor), 14(4), 453–465. [In Persian] Retrieved from https://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-216-fa.html
Koropatnick, S., Daniluk, J. and Pattinson, H.A. (1993) Infertility: a non-event transition, Fertility and Sterility, 59, 1, 163–71.
Labinjo, T. (2022). A qualitative synthesis of the impact of infertility on the mental health of African women. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 26(12), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2022/v26i12.6.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Mannell, J., et al. (2021). A qualitative study of women’s lived experiences of conflict and domestic violence in Afghanistan. Violence Against Women, 27(12), 1899–1921. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220935191
Martin-Matthews, A., & Matthews, R. (2001). Living and learning across the life course: Older mothers and adult daughters. Canadian Journal on Aging, 20(S1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980800015264
Mazari, Z., Mirmolaei, S. T., Yunesian, M., Shahbazi Sighaldeh, S., Sultani, S., Baha, H., & Mohammadzai, S. (2026). Exploring attitudes toward fertility and childbearing among married women in Kabul, Afghanistan: A qualitative study. Reproductive Health, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-025-02231-7
Mishler, E.G. (1984) The Discourse of Medicine. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Mo, J. L., & Faw, M. (2017). Interpersonal dynamics and gendered expectations in infertility: A socio-cultural perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(5), 1242–1256. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12415
Modrzejewska Leśniewska, J. (2020). Afghan migrants in Iran in modern times. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347113890_Afghan_Migrants_in_Iran
Mohammadi, S., Carlbom, A., Taheripanah, R., & Essén, B. (2017). Experiences of inequitable care among Afghan mothers surviving near-miss morbidity in Tehran, Iran: a qualitative interview study. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0617-8
Nahar, P., Sharma, A., Sabin, K., Begum, L., et al. (2000) Living with infertility: experiences among urban slum populations in Bangladesh, Reproductive Health Matters, 8, 15, 33–44.
Niazi, A.-u.-R., Alekozay, M., Osmani, K., & Najm, A. F. (2024). Fertility status and depression: A case-control study among women in Herat, Afghanistan. Health Science Reports, 7(9), e70063. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70063
Parry, D.C. (2005) Work, leisure, and support groups: an examination of the ways women with in fertility respond to pronatalist ideology, Sex Roles, 53, 5–6, 337–46.
Parry, D.C. and Shinew, K.J. (2004) The constraining impact of infertility on women’s leisure life styles, Leisure Sciences, 26, 3, 295–308.
Pashigian, M.J. (2002) Conceiving the happy family: infertility and marital politics in northern Viet nam. In Inhorn, M.C. and van Balen, F. (eds) Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Child lessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies: A View from the Social Sciences. Berkeley, CA: Uni versity of California Press.
Pearce, T.O. (1999) She will not be listened to in public: perceptions among the Yoruba of infertility and childlessness in women, Reproductive Health Matters, 7, 13, 69–79. Peddie, V.L., van Teijlin gen, E. and Bhattacharya, S. (2005) A qualitative study of women’s decision-making at the end of IVF treatment, Human Reproduction, 20, 7, 1944–51.
Ranjbar, F., Behboodi-Moghadam, Z., Barimnejad, L., Ghafari, S. R., & Akhondi, M. M. (2015). Experiences of infertile women seeking assisted pregnancy in Iran: A qualitative study. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility, 16(4), 221–228. [In Persian] Retrieved from https://www.jri.ir/article/60590
Redshaw, M., Hockley, C. and Davidson, L.L. (2007) A qualitative study of the experience of treat ment for infertility among women who successfully became pregnant, Human Reproduction, 22, 1, 295–304.
Rostami Povey, E. (2007). Afghan Refugees in Iran, Pakistan, the U.K. and the U.S. and Life after Return: A Comparative Gender Analysis. Iranian Studies, 40(2), 175-195.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/afghan-refugees-in-iran-pakistan-the-uk-and-the-us-and-life-after-return-a-comparative-gender-analysis/F46D9B5DCF8F3B94940BD20A860A6AAB
Rouchou, B. (2013). Infertility and assisted reproduction in developing countries: A review of demographic and sociocultural factors. Social Science & Medicine, 96, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.009
Samim, Y. J., & Ayoubi, F. R. (2024). Violence against women in Afghanistan: A human rights perspective and the role of domestic law. International Journal of Research in Anthropology and Humanities, 5(5), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.5.5.7
Scambler, G. (2009). Health-related stigma. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(3), 441–455
Shams Ghahfarokhi, M. (2024). Investigating the relationship between spousal violence against women and total fertility rate in Afghanistan. BMC Public Health, 24, Article 1463. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18944-6
Smart, B. (2002). Michel Foucault. Routledge.
Sundby, J. and Jacobus, A. (2001) Health and traditional care for infertility in The Gambia and Zimbabwe. In Boerma, J.T. and Mgalla, Z. (eds) Women and Infertility in sub-Saharan Africa: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute.
Swartz, D. (1997). Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press.
Throsby, K. and Gill, R. (2004) ‘It’s different for men’: masculinity and IVF, Men and Masculinities, 6, 4, 330–48.
Ulrich, M. and Weatherall, A. (2000) Motherhood and infertility: viewing motherhood through the lens of infertility, Feminism & Psychology, 10, 3, 323–6
Unisa, S. (1999). Childlessness in Andhra Pradesh, India: Treatment-seeking and consequences. Reproductive Health Matters, 7(13), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90106-3
Vodadehir, A., Rahmani, M., & Dabbagh, T. (2017). Infertility as a socio-cultural problem: Lived perceptions and experiences of treatment-seeking infertile women. Issues of Iranian Social Problems, 7(2), 159–175. [In Persian] Retrieved from http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2655-fa.html
Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy. Blackwell.
Williams, M.E. (1997) Toward greater understanding of the psychological effects of infertility on women, Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 16, 3, 7–26.
Zafarzai, M., & Zalmai, A. (2023). Violence against women in Afghanistan: A case study of Nangarhar. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(2), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v10-i2/10673
Zarif Golbar Yazdi, H., Aghamohammadian Sharbaf, H., Kareshki, H., & Amirian, M. (2020). Psychosocial consequences of female infertility in Iran: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 518961. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.51896